Rufus Stokes Profile Inventions

Rufus Stokes was an inventor born in Alabama in 1924. He later moved to Illinois, where he worked as a machinist for an incinerator company. Rufus Stokes Air-Purification Device In 1968, Rufus Stokes was granted a patent on an air-purification device to reduce the gas and ash emissions of furnace and power plant smokestack emissions. The filtered output from the stacks became almost transparent. Stokes tested and demonstrated several models of stack filters, termed the clean air machine, in Chicago and elsewhere to show its versatility. Benefits of Rufus Stokes Invention The system benefited the respiratory health of people, but also eased the health risks to plants and animals. A side-benefit of reduced industrial stack emissions was the improved appearance and durability of buildings, cars, and objects exposed to outdoor pollution for lengthy periods. Patents Issued to Rufus Stokes #3,378,24 issued on 14/16/1968 for an exhaust purifier#3,520,113 issued on 7/14/1970 for an air pollution control device (shown in photo above)

Violent Media Creates Monsters - 825 Words

Children who are exposed to violent media may be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward others. Children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others as they deal with killing and cruelty most of the time. All shows and games need the kid to kill his enemy to win, he feels happy after killing or destroying whatever facing him to reach the top. Thats why Im not surprised when they become violent or cruel, they enjoy the surfing of others and this moves with them psychologically from media to reality. This is the moment when the kid starts to change into a monster. Also, children who watch a lot of violent T.V shows are more likely to think that the world is a mean and dangerous place. Imagine, when your life is full of fear, running, killing and blood, what will you feel. Of course you will be afraid of living in such world. You will expect harmful actions from outside world all the time and as a result you will be terrified and live in fear from t he entire world. Violent shows or video games are really harmful not only for children but for all the family, society and the world as well. Violent T.V shows and video games can increase childrens aggression. Dr Phil explains the number one negative effect is they tend to in appropriately resolve anxiety by externalizing it. They can attack someone, they can kick a wall or they can be mean to a dog, abet or even people. It means that the kids who are exposed to violent shows orShow MoreRelatedScience In Frankenstein Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween science and its effect on society. Many critics and writers say Shelly’s success was because it is written to the cultural enrichments of science, I agree, and would go on to say that the scientific advancements in our society today are a monster as well. To begin, Victor Frankenstein was a curious scientist. 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As a child, I developed a fear of little things such as ghosts, the dark, etc. Once I grow into an adult I developed a of things observed on a daily. Americans between the age group of children and adolescents introduce themselves to bigger fears by watching movies that replayed on the already experienced fears. For example: Freddy Krueger, Jason, Vampires, Werewolves, etc. Many people in societyRead MoreHalloween : A Little Boy1153 Words   |  5 PagesMichael exemplify monster qualities because at that age, how can some one so young stab his sister or anyone to death. Michael Myers poses as a Monster in America, he demonstrates traits of the devil in him and express his hate by killing his family, by existing in a dysfunctional family. Michael watches his sister over sexualize herself which leads him to kill his sister. 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He would create videos depicting gunshot suicides and pictures of himself pointing guns at his own head like he had seen in videos games. The violent video games had deeply brainwashed his mind making Americans believe that violent video games are a factor in contributing violence in people. Violent video games have been blamed for school shootings, increase in bullying and violence towards women, thus making many consider that games creates criminalsRead MoreMental Illness And The Media1540 Words   |  7 PagesIn the media when you hear the word â€Å"mental illness† most of the time its associated with words like â€Å"dangerous,† â€Å"monster,† or better yet â€Å"psychopath†. 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Internal Combustion Engine

Question: Describe about the Internal Combustion Engine? Answer: Executive Summary The technology selected is an Internal Combusion Engine. This technology is widely used in the automotive industry and other industries as well. Different types of Fuels are used in Engine which would push the piston placed inside the cylinder.The power produced by these actions is utilized to move the wheels or in any other appliance in the desired direction.This technology has seen enormous growth since it came into existence.There are lots of challenges and competition with this technology, but the future still holds good for the Internal Combustion Engine. As this technology has quite a high number of benefits as compared to the other option. There is still a scope of improvement in this technology as this does produce some harmful gases. 1.0 Introduction In this report the history of internal combustion engine from its creation to the present is discussed. Later on in the next section of the document, its impact on work area with respect to social, economic and environmental effects is discussed. This report will put light on the effects of selected technology that is an internal combustion engine in work area. In the last section future of internal combustion engine technology is discussed. Its influence in the future of the workplace. Even different scopes of future development would be discussed. 2.0 Internal Combustion Engine The internal combustion engine can be defined as the engine which make use of different fuels for pushing the piston inside the cylinder. Which in turn helps in the movement of the crankshaft which move the automobile wheels attached to it. It is connected with he help of either chain or drive shaft (Schmidt, F. 1965). Various kinds of fuel that are generally used for a car combustion engine which are kerosene, diesel and gasoline (petrol) (Schauperl, Z., NikiĆ¡, M. And Kolednjak, D. 2012). 3.0 History of Internal Combustion Engine from Creation to Present The internal combustion engine is considered as heart of Automobile industry. The internal combustion engine was designed in 1680 by a Dutch physicist. The Dutch physicist named Christian Huygens was never able to build an internal combustion engine, but he has major contribution in the design. The fuel he used for the internal combustion engine was gunpowder. In 1807 another scientist named Francois Isaac de Rivaz belonging to Switzerland discovered internal combustion engine (DALBY, W. 1922). He used different fuel instead of gunpowder. He made use of oxygen and hydrogen mixture of its fuel. The scientist Rivaz tried to make use of this fuel in his attempt on a car to make automobile, but did not succeed. In the year 1824, another scientist named Samuel Brown to burn gas make use of the Newcomen steam engine. He also makes use of his experiment for powering up in a vehicle. In the year 1858, an engineer named Jean Josephtienne Lenoir discovered an internal combustion engine. The fu el used for this was coal gas. The major success he got in the invention was he was able to manufacture electric spark engine and also he patented the discovery of his name ( Blythe, N. 2003). He also got success in manufacturing a three wheeled wagon using improved engine. This engine was making use of petroleum and carburetor which was primary. This three wheeled wagon created history of 50 mile journey on road first time. In the year 1862, a french civil engineer named Alphonse Beau de Rochas tried to make his contribution in the four stroke engine but he could not succeed. He also patented his attempt of four stoke engine. In the year 1864, another attempt was done by an Australian engineer named Siegfried Marcus (Forrester, R. 2006). He manufactured an engine with one cylinder. A Crude carburetor is also attached to the cylinder which is further attached to a cart which covered a distance of the 500-foot on a rock drive. Later on he invented first gasoline powered vehicle in th e world which ran with a speed of 10 miles per hour. Another attempt was done by an American engineer named George Brayton in the year 1873 (Olney, R. And Lindblom, S. 1982).He did attempt to discover two stoke engine. The fuel he used for this two stroke engine was kerosene. But he did not succeed. His attempt was considered helpful in manufacturing the first practical oil engine and it was considered as safe as well. The contribution of two German engineers named Nikolaus August Otto and Eugen Langen helped discover an additional capability gas engine in the year 1866.The famous scientist named Nikolaus August Otto in 1876 discovered the for stoke engine. His four stroke engine is also named as Otto cycle. He also patented his success. In the year 1876 two stroke engine was discovered by the scientist Dougald Clerk. French engineer built a four stroke engine in the year 1883 named Edouard Delamare-Debouteville (Olney, R. And Lindblom, S. 1982). This engine contained a single cylin der and also use stove, gas as a fuel. It was never confirmed if he actually built a Car but Delamare-Debouteville's was way ahead of the time, at least on paper, it was better than Daimler and Benz.Another scientist made his major contribution in the year 1885 named Gottlieb Daimler. He made major contributions in the gas engine which is even nowadays used (Hiereth, H. And Prenninger, P. 2007). This engine contained cylinder which was vertical and also had gasoline, which was injected from a carburetor. He later in the year 1887 patented his success on his name. He also discovered two wheeled automobiles named "Reitwagen". He has his contribution to the discovery of first world's four wheeled vehicles. Afterwards history was created on the date January 29,1886 when a scientist named Karl Benz become successful in discovering a gas fueled car (SCHAFER, A., HEYWOOD, J. And WEISS, M. 2006). He also patented it in his name. In the year 1889 a famous scientist named Daimler got success in inventing the four stroke engine. He made the valves of this engine in mushroom shape and it contained two cylinders which were in V-slant shape. Maybach in the year 1890 got a major success in constructing a four stroke engine (Intake system for an internal combustion engine. 2001). This four stroke engine contained four cylinders which were used first time in the history of an automobile. Designing Engine and Car were both related activities. Almost all the engine designer, also were part of designing the Cars (Forrester, R. 2006) .This led to the growth of the Internal combustion engine based vehicles. In the beginning of 20th Century steam powered automobiles were developed on a large scale and the tone which was set in the19th century was taken forward. But this trend was changed later due to the spreading of petrol engines as the first choice for motive power (Schauperl, Z., NikiĆ¡, M. And Kolednjak, D.2012). Next in line was the steam-turbine Cars which came into picture during 1950 even nuclear reactors were used in these steam -turbine Cars, but these nuclear ideas were soon out of favor due to their negative impact. In the 21st century the focus of engineers has moved to computerized control, electric batteries, fuel cells (SCHAFER, A., HEYWOOD, J. And WEISS, M. 2006). Production of electric cars was around 100 during the start of 20th Cenury in United States, which started to grow quite fast, but within some time due to high cost which means that the Internal combustion engine was still the favored technology in the 21st century.The growth of internal combustion engine continued as even the fuel cells were very expensive for the manufacture. So the fuel engine would cost about 10 times more than what it cost to have an internal combustion engine (Blythe, N. 2003). Even though the price of fuel cells came down drastically, but still internal combustion engine would find its relevance. There are other technologies which are present and ca n be used in place of internal combustion engine, but these still have a long way to go in terms of catching up with internal combustion engine (Holt, D. 2005). There have been lots of studies which have suggested that there might not be any other technology, which would replace the internal combustion engine in near future. 4.0 What has been its impact on your work area with respect to social, economic and environmental effects? There was an enormous effect of internal combustion engine on society.The benefit of this internal combustion engine is the ratio of weight to power over the steam engine. The internal combustion engine manufactured in the year 1880 by the scientist Otto had a weight of 440 lbs/unit of the power generated whereas the internal combustion engine manufactured in the year 1990, which used petrol as fuel had a weight of 9 lbs/unit of the horsepower generated ( The Internal Combustion Engine. 1941). The ratio of weight to power permitted the internal combustion engine for the use in various segments such as aircraft, motor vehicle, tanks and submarines. 4.1 Social effects of Internal combustion Engine. The internal combustion engine plays very important role in our civilization. In the twentieth century, the combustion engine had started to replace railways.Both the urban and rural communities of the world were being connected by the highways,roads and various motorways which were manufactured especially for motor vehicles which were motorized by the Internal combustion engine (Macmillan, 2015).Now the people of various countries can commute anywhere at their own comfort.In the twentieth century there is lots of improvement in aircraft sector in terms of safety and performance.Aircraft were now used as a weapon of war.The aircraft were also used in next half of the 20th century for international tourism.The fast development seen in internal combustion engine technology since the 19th century had a very big impact on human beings and society overall. The power produced by the Internal combustion engine is very high considering the other factors such as size and light weight (Fuhs, A. 2009).This power can be used from airplanes to heavy trucks, which means tha t it has connected human beings across the world.The other helpful instruments for human beings also use the internal combustion engine like electric generators, chainsaws and other appliances.These have made life easier and better for human beings. 4.2 Economical effects of Internal combustion Engine There have been an indirect impact on the economy due to the invention of the internal combustion engine. There was lots of improvement in agricultural technology as Internal combustion engine generates power which can be used in different agricultural works which in turn would help the economy grow. The tractors and other machinery were used for improving the productivity in the fields as these machineries were powered by the internal combustion engine. There was a lot of influence of this internal combustion engine as the countries who provided oil to the world got wealth with the help of this engine such kind if changes were not seen by the world earlier (Fuhs, A. 2009). The social and cultural changes are the predictable result of the internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine came into existence after various other inventions were done. 4.3 Environmental effects of internal combustion engine The car was considered as the most convenient vehicle for commuting from one place to another, but it has a major disadvantage that it pollutes the environment. The ecological balance of nature has been disturbed by these commuting vehicles. According the statistics available the pollution created by the transport sector is more than sixty percent as compared to the emission of toxic substances emitted by the other industry. The engine using the mechanism of the piston is still not replaceable by any other media as it is more economical in terms of money and dynamic. There are various departments that are run by governments of various countries to monitor the pollution level created by these combustion engine and also there are norms and prohibitions regarding their usage (Baubek, A. and Dolgov, M. 2012). All the data are being collected by various departments and their impact on the environment is studied in depth. There are various measures that are being taken by various scientist s and practitioners to decrease the toxicity of the gases emitted by these internal combustion engines. The majority of the vehicles run in the world generally run on the fuel gasoline. The internal combustion engine which uses petrol as a fuel causes more hazardous to the environment. There is a need to shift from internal combustion engine which uses petrol as a fuel to liquified and natural gas (TULLOCH, D. 2015). There is also need to build required number of filling stations of these liquified and natural gases.In recent years there is the major problem of pollutants emitted by the motor transport as all the growth that has happened in past years is achieved by the motor transport which causes problems with the atmosphere. All these are resulting in increase of pollution and the quality of air around us is decreasing (Baubek, A. and Dolgov, M. 2012). There is one alternative with which this problem can be solved that is the use of liquefied gas or compressed gas instead of gaso line or diesel fuel.Stocks of these liquified gases are exceeded as compared to the stock that is obtained by the oil and also the technology that is involved in processing of compressed gases are quite simple than the technology involved in extraction of diesel or gasoline from the oil (Taylor, C. 1993). Moreover, for converting to gaseous fuel it is not necessary to make productive modification to the combustion engine. Also the gaseous fuel does not have any compounds of the harmful elements like lead and sulfur. The concentration of oxides of harmful components like carbon and nitrogen is less in the case of the Internal combustion engine as compared to the gases which are exhausted in the case of petrol The Internal Combustion Engine The gases used in The Internal Combustion Engine have benefited as it properly get mixed with the air and also properly distributed in the cylinders that are attached to the engine. It ensures that the fuel used is completely burnt and best benefit from the fuel used. The cracking gas, which is used as an alternative fuel of gas and is obtained from gasoline directly has the above mentioned advantages before the liquid fuel (Baubek, A. And Dolgov, M. 2012). There are chances that the national economy may decide to make use of gaseous energy carriers, which are received directly by the automobiles like a car as a motor fuel. For showing functional working capacity of petrol ICE expansion of an innovative energy supply system would be the primary decision. 5.0 How has the selected technology been managed in your work area? Has this been effective? The Technology of Internal combustion engine has seen a great deal of growth over the years or rather centuries. This growth is due to the fact that there are quite a few benefits of the Internal combustion engine over other competitive technologies such as the External combustion engine. As the time has, progressed the internal combustion engine has become compact and lighter, which in turn is a big advantage when it come to its use in the small car sector. The size and lightness have not reduced its effectiveness, which means the internal combustion engine has evolved over the time. The other aspects of internal combustion engine are that it is very safe as compared to external combustion engine (Mathew, J. 2011). The evolution is this technology meant that the time taken to start any internal combustion is very less and that is the reason that this technology can still survive competition from newer technologies. The other point which has revolutionized the use of internal combust ion engine is its effectiveness. The Internal combustion engine is considered more effective in comparison to external combustion engine it is about 40% efficient as compared to steam engine which is just 20%. 6.0 What do you think will be the future of this technology? How will it change the future of your workplace? The future of this internal combustion engine is very huge. As the new vehicles which are operated by the batteries are estimated to exceed ten percent of the total vehicles sold by 2020 according to the CEO of Nissan named Carlos Ghosn. It is estimated that in the coming four years there are four new models of electric cars introduced in the market. The major drawback of such kind of electric vehicle is its cost (DALBY, W. 1922). It is estimated that alone the battery of the car cost around $20,000.So for getting these car proper places in the market, there is need to do more work on the electrical batteries and also there is a need to reduce the cost of these so that everyone can afford it. According to the CEO of Renault and Nissan the internal combustion engine would power 90 percent of vehicles by the year 2020. The CEO of Toyota named Koei Saga also emphasized on the internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine that is working nowadays would be different from the combustion engine used after five years, as the norms are getting strict day by day so to get more efficiency, it is necessary to make changes in the internal combustion engine (Wong, V. 2002). The standards are getting difficult by the thirty five percent in the next five years. There are various technologies with which the efficiency of internal combustion engine can be improved. One of the technology is spraying fuel in the gasoline engine chamber directly in place of the intake port. This technology has been applied in various places like in manufacturing of Mitsubishi Galant a Japanese vehicle and ME 109 german fighter which was used in World war II. In year 1996, the Japanese Mitsubishi manufacturing used first time the technology of spraying fuel directly in the engine with the combination of computer controlled injections (Csere, C. 2010). This technology has an advantage as the fuel is directly injected into the cylinder during the compression stroke.The compression ratio h as improved a lot.Earlier the compression ratio was 12:1 and now with this technology the results are 10:5:1.This alone has improved the efficiency by 2 to 3 percent. The present day The Internal Combustion Engine technology is way ahead of its competitors in many ways. Firstly the cost of production is very low and even the operational cost is very less as compared to its competitors (Serra, J. 2011). Next is the advantage of long distance driving before it needs to be refueled and has an excellent performance which would make sure that this technology which stand the testing times and stiff competition. 7.0 References Blythe, N, 2003,Design, application, performance and emissions of modern internal combustion engine systems and components: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, N.Y. DALBY, W. 1922, 'The Internal Combustion Engine',Nature, 110(2751), pp. 122-124. Environmental problems of the engine internal combustion 2012, Baubek, A. And Dolgov, M., Viewed 7 Apr. 2015, https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/2012-04-emr/Environmental_problems_of_the_engine_internal_combustion_Dolgov.pdf. Fuhs, A. 2009.Hybrid vehicles and the future of personal transportation,CRC Press, Boca Raton HerleÃÅ'â‚ ¬a, A., Kranzberg, M., Voronkov, J., Schutt, H., GarciÃÅ' a-Diego, J., KELLER, A., Buchanan, R., Goupil, M., Nieto-GalaÃÅ' n, A., Emptoz, G., Janetschek, H., WaÃÅ'ˆchtler, E., Lewis, W., FrancÃÅ' §ois, P., Torrens, H., Cazenobe, J., Le Guet Tully, F., Stranges, A., Giebelhaus, A., Butrica, A., Braun, H., Alain, P., Hacker, B., Mounier-Kuhn, P., Milner, P., StrbaÃÅ' novaÃÅ' , S., PAYEN, J., Combe, J., Gire, P., Tachoire, H., GarciÃÅ' a Tapia, N., EscudieÃÅ' , B., Porta, L., Pennaneahc, M., Guilly, J., Carpenter, G., Guillerme, A., PICON, A., Ribeill, G., Cote, M., Mohun, A., Vasquez de Parga, R., Levin, M., Williams, J., Sarasola-MartiÃÅ' nez, A. Rose, M. 1993.Science-technology relationships,San Francisco Press, San Francisco. Hiereth, H. Prenninger, P. 2007.Charging the internal combustion engine, Springer, Wien. Holt, D. 2005.100 years of engine developments: Society of Automative Engineers. Warrendale, PA. Hrler, H. 2003, 'Internal combustion engine with a porous combustion chamber',MTZ Worldw, 64(2), pp.12-13. Internal Combustion Engine 2006. Forrester, R, Viewed 7 Apr. 2015: https://www.rochelleforrester.ac.nz/internal-combustion-engine.html Membrane Technology 2001,'Intake system for an internal combustion engine', (140), p.12. Mathew, J. 2011.Engineering asset management and infrastructure sustainability, Springer, London. Nature 1931,'(1)Power and the Internal Combustion Engine (2) The High-Speed Internal-Combustion Engine', 128(3239), pp.886-888. Nature 1941,'The Internal Combustion Engine', 147 (3729), pp.487-488. Olney, R. Lindblom, S. 1982.The internal combustion engine: J.B. Lippincott, New York. SCHAFER, A., HEYWOOD, J. WEISS, M. 2006, 'Future fuel cell and internal combustion engine automobile technologies', A 25-year life cycle and fleet impact assessment.Energy, 31(12), pp.2064-2087. Schauperl, Z., NikiĆ¡, M. Kolednjak, D. 2012. Impact of Fuel Type on the Internal Combustion Engine Condition,PROMET, 24(4). Schmidt, F. 1965.The internal combustion engine: Chapman and Hall, London. Serra, J. 2011.Electric Vehicles: Taylor Francis, Hoboken. Taylor, C. 1993.Engine tribology, Elsevier, Amsterdam. The Future of the Internal-Combustion Engine - Feature 2010, Csere, C,Viewed 7 Apr. 2015,https://www.caranddriver.com/features/the-future-of-the-internal-combustion-engine The Social Influence of the Internal Combustion Engine 2015, Macmillan,Viewed 7 Apr. 2015. https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v112/n2810/abs/112350a0.html Thiel, C., Perujo Adolfo Mercier, A.2007,Cost and CO2 aspects of future vehicle options in Europe under new energy policy scenarios. Will a viable alternative to the internal combustion engine exist within the next decade 2015.TULLOCH, D, Viewed 8 Apr. 2015 https://www.scienceclarified.com/dispute/Vol-1/Will-a-viable-alternative-to-the-internal-combustion-engine-exist-within-the-next-decade.html. Uzkan, T. 1995.Engine modeling: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. New York. Wong, V. 2002.Design, application, performance, and emissions of modern internal combustion engine systems and components: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. New York, N.Y.

The 2008 Financial Crisis Causes and Consequences

Introduction Credit crisis is a term that has been coined to describe the situation whereby accessibility of loans or credit finance becomes limited due to their unavailability. It is a trend that results to financial institutions reducing the amount of loans that they can disburse to clients irrespective of increased interest rates that they can charge on such loans (Turner). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The 2008 Financial Crisis: Causes and Consequences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Credit crisis is said to occur when the relationship between interest rates and credit loans being disbursed are heavily skewed, or when there is a general reduction of loans available in spite of increased demands. Ideally the relationship between interest rates and available financial credit is such that increased interest rate in the market means that financial institutions are willing to increase lending in order to incre ase profits. Foster and Magdoff Perspective of 2008 Financial Crisis Foster and Magdoff theory that attempts to explain the 2008 financial crisis attributes it to broader factors of monopoly finance capitalism which is a function of a phenomenon that they refer as stagnation which is a characteristic of mature capitalist systems. Generally credit crisis can be triggered by any of the various factors in the financial sector or combination of several such factors. There are mainly five reasons that directly affect financial institutions loans and which in extension can trigger a credit crisis. One of the reasons is anticipated fall in value of collateral assets that are used by creditors to obtain loans from banks (Graham 2008). In this case the financial institutions become reluctant and unwilling to give out loans that are secured by such assets where all indications points to their market values plummeting. Other reasons could be sudden exogenous adjustment in regulation by centra l bank that touches on lending requirements by banks or which elevates reserve requirements (Graham). The central bank might also trigger credit crunch through regulations that intend to tightly control financial institutions lending. In such instances the banks usually respond by enacting measures that prevent their loss or transfer their operating risks to the creditors usually through increased interest rates of loans or reduction in lending. However these factors alone cannot by their own trigger credit crunch, more often credit crisis is caused by an array of factors that combine together over a long duration of time. While Foster and Magdoff recognize these as causal factors that contributed to the 2008 financial crisis, they argue that by and large the major reason that greatly contributed to the financial meltdown was the stagnant nature of the current capitalist system. Foster and Magdoff describe mature capitalist system as â€Å"stagnant† because of its monopolis tic nature that is caused by few corporations that dominates and control most of the available capital flow (Fostor and Magdoff). Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When this happens as it has been taking place since the 1980s less capital becomes available for investment in economic sectors that are most in need while the real capital becomes restricted and unavailable, this outcome is what Foster and Magdoff also attributed to the occurrence of financialization. The implication of this unbalanced excessive capital availability to particular players creates demands for investment opportunities that offer high returns; this is where the evils of monopoly-finance capital begin. The resulting scenario is massive injection of liquid capital in very questionable investment initiatives which Foster and Magdoff says includes bankrolling of wars abroad as a way of investment at the e xpense of other sectors which are integral in economic growth. This form of capitalism is undesirable and dangerous according to Foster and Magdoff since it is unsustainable in the long run mainly because it ceases to become a â€Å"freely competitive system† which is an underlying feature of all â€Å"young capitalism† systems as described by Marx’s theory (Foster and Magdoff). Because all forms of mature economies eventually leads to stagnations which ultimately causes credit crisis, the system that mature capitalism has created is reliance on various financial bubbles that are designed to counter the problem of credit crunch but which ends up crumbling and therefore exposing the inherent weaknesses of this system. These financial bubbles are the final stages in a chain reaction process that is rooted in the monopolistic capitalist system that Foster and Magdoff attribute to the â€Å"casino economy† because of the resulting effects that saw working c lass families loose trillions of US dollars in the aftermath of the financial crisis. Causes of Financial Explosion The hallmarks of a credit crunch usually include extensive sustained losses by lenders caused by sloppy and hasty lending policies over given period of time. Sometimes it is due to plummeting of collateral assets that were used to secure loans which substantially lose value overnight as it happened to the United States housing industry. When this happens the bank sustains huge losses caused by loss in value of the assets. The implications that follow are two parts: the bank has no adequate loan reserve that they can continue disbursing to future consumers, and two despite the availability of loans the banks becomes timid and cautious towards future lending.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The 2008 Financial Crisis: Causes and Consequences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This becomes the early sta ges of a credit crisis since availability of loans get scarce and associated interest rates shoots up through the roof. The next phase of credit crisis is limited lending and inaccessibility of the loans by consumers and lack of funds in general that virtually affect every other sector of the economy triggering what is then referred as economic recession (Turner). However the effect of a credit crisis last for sometime only depending on the extent of loans that were disbursed by the banking industry and the extent in which the losses can be absorbed assuming the banks affected were not many. The global credit crisis that is just ebbing away has its roots in United States banking system, more specifically as a result of lending towards mortgage housing and credit lending in general. The credit crisis did not only result to worldwide financial crisis but also caused slowed economic growth of the world’s largest and leading economy that eventually triggered global recession tha t started around as early as 2006 (Turner). In 2005 the United States housing industry flourished and reached its peak in terms of value and business bustle, by then the banking industry had aligned their lending funds towards this end as a result of the positive and sustained growth in the housing industry. By the time in what is now referred as housing bubble busted most banking institutions have invested significant amounts in the housing industry that had accumulated over time in a sort of loose credit lending. The aftermath was increased mortgage payment defaults and foreclosures on existing loan repayment that was taking place on large scale. The other cause is the amount of mortgage that borrowers had obtained that were purely for speculative purposes and therefore for investment only. By 2006 the number of mortgage and houses that had been secured as investment options were approximately 40% of all the total houses in the market (Turner). This was the main factor that great ly contributed to the housing surplus that made their price fall. Another cause was the securitization, a term that is used to describe a practice where bank can transfer the value of the mortgage to their investors and therefore continue to obtain further funds to lend to borrowers (Turner). Ideally the bank is supposed to hold on the mortgage as security until it is paid in full or forfeited, this way additional funds cannot be secured until such time when any of the two outcomes occur.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However securitization system allowed banks to continue pumping funds to an already saturated sector while hoodwinking investors to believe housing industry to be thriving by transferring mortgage agreements to them. In the process the banks were able to ease the lending terms and lower rates due to availability of funds in a bid to disperse as much funds as possible and therefore make profits. The lending conditions to borrowers were even questionable verging on illegal practices, figures released by Federal Reserve indicates that 47% of borrowers did not make any down payment of the mortgages as required by law (Turner). Over time borrowers were not required to provide evidence of income nor employment as should usually be the case, instead banks focus was on credit score which depended mainly on the amount that a borrower had in the bank beside other factors. Limitation of Foster and Magdoff Analysis of Global Crisis The analysis of the 2008 financial crisis in the book The Grea t Financial Crisis offers great comprehensive and in depth insight of the nature of the present monopoly capitalist system. To achieve this, the authors provide detailed analysis of various financial figures such as GDP, unemployment rates, income levels and so on that are very convincing. However what this analysis lacks is a global perspective since almost the entire analysis is based on US economy; despite the fact that financial crisis originated from US economy a more broad analysis would have generalized this findings and explained the origin of financial crisis beyond the US perspective. Works Cited Foster, J. Magdoff, F. The Great Financial Crisis: Causes and Consequences. New York: Monthly Review Press. 2008. Print Turner, Graham, Turner. The Credit Crunch: Housing Bubbles, Globalisation and the Worldwide Economic Crisis. London, UK: Pluto Press. 2008. Print. This essay on The 2008 Financial Crisis: Causes and Consequences was written and submitted by user Adriana V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hellen Keller Essays - Helen Keller, Keller, Anne Sullivan

Hellen Keller Helen Keller was an American author who lived to educate and inspire others to become the most unique author of her time. She was a gifted woman who had exceptional writing abilities. She utilized simplistic style to correspond with all varieties of people. She wrote to inspire people and to help disabled people achieve their goals. Her writing style was full of many types of diction, syntactic devices, and patterns of imagery to exemplify her life chronicle. Keller used an unadorned tone with superb expressions and descriptions. Helen Adams Keller was born in the small town of Tuscumbia, Alabama in 1880. When she was nineteen months old she was diagnosed with scarlet fever, which left her blind and deaf for the rest of her life. When she was a child she was put under the care of Anne Sullivan, and she would become her life long friend and companion. Sullivan began to teach her by writing with her finger, the name of objects into her hand. Keller began to learn very rapidly. She started to write very quickly using a ruler to guide her sentences. She learned how to read Braille and then to speak. In 1900, Keller went to Radcliffe College and graduated with honors. She lectured around the world about her life experiences and met many famous people such as Mark Twain. She was an extraordinary woman and one of the most recognized people in history. Helen Keller shows herself as a well educated, persevering, and eager woman. She brought her success through her education, which she was taught at a young age. Keller learned her thirty new words the same day she learned her first. Next, she presented a very strong personality. In her early years Keller states, although I find it difficult, I still persevere. (Keller, pg. 62) Her dialog shows that even though she has trouble sometimes, she will still overcome her disabilities. Her main advantage in becoming successful was her eagerness to learn. When she first started to learn she says, I began my studies with eagerness. Before me I saw a new world opening in beauty and light, and I felt within me the capacity to know all things. (Keller, pg. 72) She had a positive persona that enabled her to learn. She wrote simple but effectively in order to appeal to ordinary people, like she saw herself. Keller used simple sentences to convey her thoughts. I felt approaching footsteps (Keller, pg. 15) she writes simple to easily explain her situations. Kellers main message in her autobiography is that you can persevere through anything in life, Helen Keller has shown the world that one can achieve anything in their lifetime. ( , Pg. 210) She tells the story of her life to present the examples in her life and to show her own uniqueness. Keller proved that her deafness and blindness would not stop her from being an extraordinary person. She also wrote to express her survival of her disabilities and how she overcame them. Kellers purpose was to inspire people to endure. She communicated to disabled people especially to help them realize what they are capable of. Helen Keller uses specific diction techniques in her writing to address her ideas. She uses vivid sensory language when describing events and objects. When she went to visit the ocean she says, I felt the pebbles rattling as the waves threw their ponderous weight against the shore. (Keller, pg. 35) her descriptions envelop the experiences, almost bringing it to life. Another diction technique she uses is concrete specific detail. In her dream she finds, I could see the dagger and lady Mac Beths little white glove- the dreadful stain. (Keller, pg. 86) her acute descriptions illustrate how she portrays her fantasies. Connotative language is used throughout her autobiography. She uses connotative language to express her feelings when she says, except possibly the absence of pavements, between walking in city streets and in country roads. (Keller, pg. 93) Her connotations give a symbolic meaning to her thoughts. By using different diction techniques, Helen Keller creatively reveals her t houghts. By using particular syntax such as simple sentences, one level sentences, and short sentences, Keller appeals to a broad audience. She tells events using

Double Genitive Definition and Examples in English grammar

Double Genitive Definition and Examples in English grammar In English grammar, the double genitive is a phrase in which possession is indicated by the preposition of followed by the possessive form of a noun or pronoun, as in a friend of Erics. Also called a  double possessive, an oblique genitive, and a postgenitive.  Some linguists argue that the double genitive is not a true genitive but rather a type of partitive construction. In The Careful Writer (1965), Theodore Bernstein noted that Grammarians have argued over the origin and nature, but not the validity, of the double genitive with the fervor of hot-stove league fans rehashing a Word Series play. Examples and Observations The Dude: Who are you, man?Knox Harrington: Oh, just a friend of Maudies.(The Big Lebowski, 1998)We heard the news from a neighbor of Alices.My bedroom, like that of my potential roommates, is cell-like in both its size and simplicity, furnished with only a bed and a small chest of drawers that easily accommodates the little I brought with me.(David Sedaris, Naked, 1997) Bernsteins Defense of the Double Genitive Not infrequently someone questions a construction that reads like this: He is a political associate of the Presidents. Since the of indicates the possessive (genitive), the someone argues, why tack on another possessive in the form of s? Grammarians differ as to the origin and explanation of the construction, but they do not question its well-established legitimacy. . .  [T]he double genitive is of long standing, idiomatic, useful and here to stay.(Theodore Bernstein, Miss Thistlebottoms Hobgoblins. Farrar, 1971) An Idiomatic Construction Despite their apparent redundancy, double genitive constructions such as a friend of ours or no fault of Jos are established English idiom. Grammarians since C18 have puzzled over the way the construction iterates the of genitive with a genitive inflection on the following pronoun or personal noun.(Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge University Press, 2004) A Subtle Difference To say youre a friend of Gregs means that Greg looks upon you as a friend. To say youre a friend of Greg means that you look upon Greg as a friend. A subtle difference. It seems that the addition of -s to . . . Greg is a way of focusing attention on [this person] as having a more active role in the relationship being expressed. Double possession has given us a way to express quite fine distinctions that we couldnt convey before. The extra marking is not overkill in this case.​(Kate Burridge, Weeds in the Garden of Words: Further Observations on the Tangled History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2005) Purists and Language Liberals A good many of us do use some double genitives and do not notice that they are double. Some language liberals argue that in informal and casual contexts the double genitive is idiomatic and not overkill, but few editors of Standard English will be likely to let it stand in formal writing. Its either friends of my sister or my sisters friends; even in conversation, friends of my sisters may grate harshly on some purists ears.(Kenneth Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English, 1993)The double possessive is a matter of some controversy. Some insist that constructions like a friend of Bills are redundant and therefore should be avoided. Others see an old pal of mine and extrapolate that, because youd never say an old pal of me, you also must reject a friend of Bill.I say trust your ear over either dogma. A friend of Bills probably is better . . ..(Bill Walsh, Yes, I Could Care Less: How to Be a Language Snob Without Being a Jerk. St. Martins Press, 2013)

CORPORATE FINANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

CORPORATE FINANCE - Essay Example ssaro has also provided clear reasoning to the businesses as to why they should not be unsure or fear reinventing the business to cope with the market changes and the complete global financial crisis. Based on the responses that the author has provided, I completely agree with the author. The recommendations like understanding that review means a lot for companies especially in times of recession. As the author has discussed, the decision involves a number of people, and also involves quick and accurate decision been taken by the management of the firms. I completely agree with the recommendations that have been provided by the writer. Massaro has provided clear cut out issues, solutions and recommendations for companies. The recommendations that have been provided show a very positive possibility for the firms to be able to overcome the recession and continue to make profits. It is also seen that the author has taken care in ensuring that the steps are expressed in simple terms and is not too technical hence can be used by any industry and any business size. A stockholder dropped by my office the other day and brought up a very interesting and important question. She said that as a company grows, agency problems develop within the company. Of course I nodded knowingly. She asked how we were going to help reduce the agency issues at the top executive level. She left and I started to look up definitions. Do you have any way of helping me get her an answer? What do we do to reduce this agency problem thing? How do we measure the top executives, what other safeguards do we establish to make sure no one is harming the company or its stockholders? Agency problems are a common issue that is found in companies. This normally occurs when there is a conflict of interest between the creditors, management and also the shareholders. This is majorly due to differences in the goals. Having agency problems in a company can lead to increased costs that the company requires to

Shay's Rebellion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shay's Rebellion - Essay Example (151). Washington indicates that the then Americans did not enjoy liberty and security in their livelihood (151). Drafting of a constitution that will champion for the needs of all citizens in the country, and one that will closely be adhered to, by all in the administration posts (151). This Washington quotes, to prevent incroachments and promote respect in the country. In the letter it is evident that the then president has numerous fears that what the American was wary of at that particular time has numerous elements of truth and verity. In the chapter, Washington is indicated to verify that what he had dreamt of what had come to pass (David &Mayer, 152). From his letter, it is evident that; In the letter, Washington laments to Knox on the behavior of rebels of Massachusetts (152). Though he advises Knox to respect the insurgents and keep advising them, Washington hopes for a better day in America. Besides the allegations of corruption, which Washington claims, to have taken the headlines in the Newspapers, Washington is wary that Americans may not be bright enough to notice other ills that may be inflicted on them. David & Mayer indicate that Washington is more than convinced that the ignorance in the Americans has augmented to an extent of them forgetting the virtues of the one prestigious and mighty country (152). The need to amend the Federal constitution has become an obvious case. To prove this, Washington is seen to have a lot of confidence in the position and the ability of Knox to minimize the chances of the occurrence of bitter confrontations in the state. Need for change in the public administration .Though Washington indicates that Knox is not exact in the type of change needed for this society; Knox’s letter indicates chances of his contribution in effecting change. Washington advocates for complete vigilance and vigor in pushing for reforms in the country. This he confirms in the

Rhetorical Analysis on Lux Toilet Soap Ad Essay Example for Free

Rhetorical Analysis on Lux Toilet Soap Ad Essay Lux Toilet Soap Susan Sanders Devry University Lux Toilet Soap A 1954 ad for Lux Toilet Soap states, â€Å"Luscious is the word for Greer Garson’s complexion and she keeps it that way with Lux Toilet Soap. † This statement is an example of how emotional appeal is used in the ad to grab the reader’s attention. The advertiser uses character appeal by including information about Garson’s success in the ad to make the reader want to use the product. Logical appeal is used when a refund is offered to leave the reader with no objections to trying the product. The Greer Garson Lux Toilet Soap ad was effective in raising product awareness and profits due to its usage of these appeals. Garson is pictured against a white background with a vine of grapes in hand in the ad. Purple is the color theme here, as Garson’s eye makeup, necklace and grapes are of this color. This gives the ad a sense of sophistication, warmth, luxury and even a little mystery. This grabs the reader’s attention and makes her want to read the ad. The reader’s attention is then drawn to a sentence below Garson in which the first word, â€Å"Luscious,† is of a larger font size than the rest of the text. The color pink draws the reader to look in the bottom right corner of the ad, where a Lux Toilet Soap wrapper reveals the bar of soap. This completes the attraction, femininity, and smooth texture of the ad. The image and larger-sized text are present in the advertisement to appeal to the reader’s emotion of craving for Garson’s flawless skin. Women of this time were open to ideas on how to look as beautiful as possible. This could have been to succeed in their careers or simply to please a man. Looks play a large role in any aspiring actresses success because she is trying to talk people into casting her for roles. In addition, having and taking care of a family was a very important part of women’s lives. They had to look their best in the hopes of getting a husband. This advertisement had their solution and informed the readers to use Lux Toilet Soap to get that desired look. If the picture of Garson wasn’t enough to get the reader to find character appeal in the advertisement, there is also smaller blue text at the bottom of the ad informing them of her credentials. The ad states, â€Å"Besides being beautiful, Greer Garson is intelligent (she’s lectured Shakespeare), talented (probably won more awards than any other film actress) † There is also a statement at the top of the ad promoting a movie Garson most recently starred in, â€Å"Her Twelve Men. † The ad then goes on to state her insistence on the use of Lux Toilet Soap in her home and dressing room, as well as the statistic â€Å"Greer’s used Lux for years now-she believes in it, like 9 out of 10 Hollywood stars do. This information about Garson’s career leads readers to trust in her belief of the soap’s effectiveness. It suggests that the reader should want to use the Lux soap because successful and beautiful people like Garson do. If it plays some part in Garson’s success, then the reader might have that same luck with life as well, after using Lux soap. As the reader continues through the text, the final appeal is utilized, logic. The a d states that â€Å"Miss Garson’s luscious complexion is as good a recommendation as we know of for using Lux Toilet Soap. If you find Lux isn’t everything a good soap can be, we’ll return what you paid for it. Fair enough? † After being presented this offer, the reader runs out of objections to trying the product. Reasoning tells them to buy it, try it, if it isn’t satisfactory, get a refund, and no loss would be incurred. The offer leaves the reader with a feeling of obligation to buying the product. It is important that the ad achieves this because it ultimately leads to higher sales profit. Lux Toilet Soap was not the only solution to uneven or imperfect complexion.

MAMLD1 Mutation and Phenotypes of Hypospadias

MAMLD1 Mutation and Phenotypes of Hypospadias The relationship between clinical phenotypes and mutations of MAMLD1 in children with hypospadias Yong-fen Lv, Lu-lu Cui, Pin Li* Department of Endocrinology, Shanghais Children Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University Acknowledgements: The work was financially supported by the key project of Shanghai municipal health bureau (2011111), youth project of Shanghai municipal health bureauà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’major issue subprojects of Shanghai science and technology commission (12411952408), Yangtze river delta research project of Shanghai science and technology commission (13495810300). Abstract Purpose: To verify the relationship between clinical phenotypes of hypospadias and mutations of MAMLD1. Methods: Seventy-two patients were diagnosed to be hypospadias in department of endocrinology and department of urinary surgery in our hospital. Among all the patients, 69 were with normal karyotype and enrolled as the studied group. Fifty healthy boys were employed as the controls. Peripheral Blood were collected for DNA extraction. For the studied group, PCR primer was designed and direct sequencing was performed for screening for MAMLD1 mutations in six coding exons and the flanking region. Those mutated exons were examined for the control group. Results: Thirty-five of all the 72 patients (48.6 %) were isolated hypospadias. The other 37 cases (51.4%) were complicated by other genitourinary system malformations, including 12 cases with micropenis and/or underdeveloped testicles. Abnormal karyotype was identified in 3 patients, and all were karyotype as 46, XX (SRY+ in 1 case and SRY- in 2 cases). Six types of MAMLD1 mutations were detected in exon 2, 3, 5, 7 in studied group, including c.5A>G (p.D2G), IVS4-364C/A, c.1910A>Gà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ p.N637S), c.2208T>C, c.2227 G>A (p.E742K) and IVS8-144C/T. All were single nucleotide polymorphism except c.5A>G (p.D2G), a newly discovered point mutation. The frequency of IVS4-364C/A was significantly different between patients and controls, and it was also significantly different between patients with and without micropenis and/or underdeveloped testicles. Conclusion: Chromosome abnormality is not the leading cause of other genitourinary system malformations complicated with hypospadias. Mutations of MAMLD1 maybe closely related to hypospadias in Chinese. c.5Aà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾Gà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ p.D2Gà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °is the newly discovered point mutation in this work. IVS4-364C/A is associated with underdeveloped testicles and/or micropenis in hypospadias patients. Introduction Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital genitourinary system malformations in males, with incidence 1†°Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ½Ã… ¾1%. As one of the Juvenile-types of testicular dysgenesis syndrome,(1-3) the prevalence of hypospadias is obviously increasing in these years. From 1987 to 2001, the prevalence rate was doubly increased in China.(4) Hypospadias will lead to different degrees of genital malformation, and the clinical phenotypes vary when with other complications. For instance, besides the general signs of hypospadias, e.g., ectopic ureteral orifice, phallocampsis, redundant dorsal prepuce, etc, the patient may be also suffered from other malformations including penoscrotal transposition, cryptorchidism, hydrocele, oblique inguinal hernia, micropenis and underdeveloped testicles. Hypospadias is a complicated disease due to various causes. The causes of most cases are not able to be verified, especially for those mild cases. For these cases, environmental factors, endocrine fa ctors and abnormal gene expression may be the leading causes.(5) The sex differentiation of males is a continuous series of processes related on the balancing and interaction of various genes like SRY, WTl, ATF3, SF-1, etc. MAMLD1, which is previously called chromosome X open reading frame6 (Cxorf6), is the important candidate gene widely studied recently. This gene is located in Xq28,(6,7) with molecular length of 157898 bp and containing 8 exons, among which exon 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 are coding exons. MAMLD1 is initially detected in patients with X-linked myotubular myopathy. The reproductive systems of patients are normally developed with mutations in Myotubularin MTM-1, while different degrees of malformations occur in cases with deletion of MTM1 gene.(8-11) The subsequent experiments indicated that, for patients with 46, XY disorder of sex development (DSD), except MAMLD1, no other candidate genes were found in the deletion region. These results indicate that MAMLD1 is the perfect candidate gene for the study of 46, XY DSD, especially for hypospa dias. This work aimed to evaluate the mutations of MAMLD1 and clinical phenotypes in children with hypospadias in China, and thus to illustrate the role of MAMLD1 mutation in hypospadias. Methods Patients Seventy-two children with hypospadias admitted to Shanghai Childrens Hospital Affiliated to Jiaotong University from March 2011 to December 2012 were enrolled in this study. Definite diagnosis was based on the clinical signs, and patients with adrenogenital syndrome were excluded through clinical examination. Clinical examination Clinical survey was performed including patient’s complain, present medical history, past medical history, personal history, family history, birth history, mother’s medical history in pregnancy, previous exposure to environmental pollution, etc. Physical examination was performed to measure the hight, weight, heart rate, blood pressure and the status of gonad development, etc. For adolescent, the development of secondary sexual characteristics was also assessed. Regular auxiliary examinations were performed including blood and urine routine test, biochemistry test, gonadal hormone level, adrenal cortex function and abdominal ultrasound exam, etc. Karyotype analysis and detection of SRY gene Lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of patients, cultured and smeared on slides, and G-bands were produced by treatment with trypsin. Thirty split-phases were selected for each case, and karyotype analysis was performed according to ISCN-1995. SRY gene detection was performed for all the patients. Screening for MAMLD1 mutations The gene sequence of MAMLDI was obtained from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), which was the same as obtained from Ensembl Genome Browser: NC_000023.10 (NCBI) versus ENSG00000013619 (Ensembl release 70-January 2013). Primers were designed for the coding exon 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 of MAMLD1. DNA extraction was performed using TIANamp Blood DNA Kit (TIANGEN Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd, China) and purity test was done. Ploymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with use of LONGgene A300 PCR and Premix Ex Taq Version2.0 (TaKaRa D332A), GC buffer (TaKaRa DRR20GC1) and rTag (TaKaRa DR001BM), 35 cycles of denaturation at 94à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for 30 seconds,extension at 72à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for 60 seconds. Mutations were identified in the six coding exons and flanking regions of MAMLD1, and those mutated exons were examined for the control group. Statistical analysis The SPSS 18 software was used for statistical evaluation. Chi-square test was used to compare the two groups, frequency of single nucleotide polymorphism between the two groups was analyzed using Fisher Exact test, and differences were considered statistically significant when the p-value was G (p.D2G), IVS4-364C/A (rs1209024), c.1910A>G (p.N637S), c.2208T>C, c.2227 G>A (p.E742K, rs5925166) and IVS8-144C/T (rs658748). Two types of mutations were detected in exon 5 and 7 in all healthy controls, including c.1910 A>G (p.N637S, rs2073043) and c.2208T>C. Among all the mutations, c.5A>G (p.D2G) was a newly discovered point mutation, others were all single nucleotide polymorphism. The studied group compared to the control group, the frequency analyzed by Fisher Exact test, the P value for IVS4-364C/A, c.1910A>G (p.N637S), c.2208T>C, c.2227 G>A (p.E742K) and IVS8-144C/T were 0.002, 0.638, 0.362, 1 and 0.509 respectively. Therefore, the frequency of IVS8-144C/T was significantly different be tween the two groups, and the frequency of the other 4 SNPs were not significantly different between the two groups. Relationship between mutations of MAMLD1 and clinical phenotypes of hypospadias One case with c.5A>G (p.D2G) was isolated hypospadias, the urethral opening position was located at the middle segment of penis. Due to the limited number of mutation cases, the sample size should be increased to study the relationship between c.5A>G (p.D2G) and phenotypes of hypospadias. Analyzed by Chi-squared test with Yates continuity correction, the frequency of IVS4-364C/A was significantly different between patients with and without micropenis and/or underdeveloped testicles (p=0.001). Discussion Chromosome abnormality and karyotype change is one of the causes of hypospadias. Till now, ten types of chromosome abnormalities were confirmed involving chromosome 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13 19, 20, 21, X, Y, etc. In the studied 72 patients, abnormal karyotype was identified in 3 patients, and all were karyotype as 46, XX (SRY+ in 1 case and SRY- in 2 cases). For these three patients, uterus and ovary were not found through the laparoscopic exploration. Therefore, they were diagnosed to be 46, XX male sex reversal syndrome. Karyotype analysis is important for hypospadias patients with sex reversal syndrome in exploring candidate gene and pathogenesis, in clinical diagnosis as well as in making therapeutic plan. However, there are only 3 cases with karyotype abnormality in the 72 patients studied, which means chromosome abnormality is not the leading cause of hypospadias. MAMLD1 is initially detected in patients with X-linked myotubular myopathy. The reproductive systems of patients are normally developed with mutations in Myotubularin MTM-1, while different degrees of malformations occur in cases with deletion of MTM1 gene.(8-11) Except MAMLD1, no other candidate genes were found in the deletion region. These results indicate that MAMLD1 is the perfect candidate gene for the study of 46, XY DSD, especially for hypospadias. In the works of Fukami et al., three nonsense mutations were detected, i.e., p.E124X, p.Q197X and p.R653X, in 4 XY DSD cases, involving micropenis and hypospadias with urethral opening position located on scrotum and the joint at penis and scrotum.(12) Kalfa et al. have studied the mutations of MAMLD1 in hypospadias patients and discovered 3 mutations, including p.V432A, p.E109fsX121 and P.531ins3Q, and they proposed that 10 percent of all the severe hypospadias cases was caused by mutations of MAMLD1.(13) In the study of Chen et al., three mutations of MAMLD1 were discovered, i.e., p.Q529K, p.D686D and noncoding region c.2065+8a>t, in 99 Swedish with hypospadias.(14) However, this is not the case in China. Qian et al. have studied the mutations of MAMLD1 in 100 cases of isolated hypospadias,(15) where 200 healthy participants were randomly selected as control. In their work, two point mutations, c.1699C>T and c.1985A>G, were detected and all were SNPs, and statistical analysis revea led that MAMLD1 is not the candidate gene for isolated hypospadias in China. The different results may be due to the different inclusion criteria of studied population between China and abroad, i.e., the studied populations of foreign works were mostly composed by hypospadias cases complicated by other genitourinary system malformations, including gonadal dysgenesis, while mostly isolated hypospadias cases were selected in the works of Chinese. In this study, a new point mutation c.5A>G was detected in exon 2 of one patient, and this mutation was not found in controls. The mutation makes the second amino acid position, originally the hydrophilic negatively charged aspartic acid, substituted by a neutrally charged glycine. For various species, the second amino acid position in exon 2 of MAMLD1 is highly conserved, and analyzed via polyphen, the mutation c.5A>G (p.D2G) of MAMLD1 is predicted to be probably damaging with a score of 0.996 from HumDiv and 0.993 from HunVar, which indicates that c.5A>G (p.D2G) is highly related to hypospadias. SIFT predicts that the mutation can affect protein function, since there is no protein diversity on the site (supplementary figure 20). The case with c.5Aà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¾G was isolated hypospadias, and the urethral opening was located in the middle segment of penis. A big sample size and the information of the exact protein function are required to elucidate whether c.5A>G (p.D2G) of MAMLD1 is the cause of isolated hypospadias and its role in human sexual differentiation. The meaningful SNP detected in this work is the full mutation in introns close to exon 3, i.e., IVS4-364C/A (rs1209024), in 12 patients, which is not found in controls. The 12 cases including 2 cases with anterior hypospadias, 9 cases middle urethral openings and 1 case posterior urethral opening. Among all the 12 patients, 6 were complicated by 2 other malformations, 8 cases were complicated by micropenis and/or underdeveloped testicles. Generally, introns are non-coding sections of a gene, which are removed before the mature mRNA can be transported, thus do not exist in the mRNA sequence. However, there may be several mini genes in some introns, the so called genes-within-genes. The frequency of IVS4-364C/A was significantly different between patients and controls, and it was also significantly different between patients with and without micropenis and/or underdeveloped testicles. Therefore, two possibilities could be speculated, the first is that there may be coding sequence relat ed to micropenis and/or underdeveloped testicles in the introns close to exon 3 of MAMLD1, the second is that the mutation could affect mRNA shear mode, thus lead to the change of protein function. Next step of our study plan is to verify whether the mutation could affect mRNA shear mode through reverse transcription, amplification and sequencing of extracted mRNA. References 1. Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De ME, Main KM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod 2001;16:972-8. 2. Sharpe RM. Pathways of endocrine disruption during male sexual differentiation and masculinization. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;20:91-110. 3. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects. Fertil Steril 2008;89(2 Suppl):e33-8. 4. Wu YQ, Dai L, Wang YP, Liang J, Zhu J, Wu DS. Secular Trends of Hypospadias in Chinese Perinatals. J Sichuan Univ (Med Sci Edi) 2005;36:274-6. 5. Liang WQ, Ji CY, Zhang JM, et al. The correlation between the type of hypospadias and external genital system malformations. Chin J Urol 2011;32:126-9. 6. Laporte J, Kioschis P, Hu LJ, et al. Cloning and char acterization of an alternatively spliced gene in proximal Xq28 deleted in two patients with intersexual genitalia and myotubular myopathy. Genomics 1997;41:458–62. 7. Laporte J, Guiraud-Chaumeil C, Vincent MC, et al. Mutations in the MTM1 gene implicated in X-linkedmyotubular myopathy. ENMC International Consortium on Myotubular Myopathy. European NeuroMuscular Center. Hum Mol Genet 1997;6:1505-11. 8. Bartsch O, Kress W, Wagner A, et al. The novelcontiguous gene syndrome of myotubular myopathy(MTM1), male hypogenitalism and deletion in Xq28: report of the first familial case. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1999;85:310-4. 9. Bates PA, Kelley LA, MacCallum RM, et al. Enhancement of protein modeling by human intervention inapplying the automatic programs 3D-JIGSAW and3D-PSSM. Proteins 2001;S5(Suppl 5):39-46. 10. Biancalana V, Caron O, Gallati S, et al. Characterisation of mutations in 77 patients with X-linked myotubular myopathy, including a family with a very mild phenotype. Hum Genet 2003;112:135-42. 11. Hu LJ, Laporte J, Kress W, et al. Deletions in Xq28 in two boys with myotubular myopathy and abnormal genital development define a new contiguous gene syndrome in a 430 kb region. Hum Mol Genet 1996;5:139-43. 12. Fukami M, Wada Y, Miyabayashi K, et al. CXorf6 is a causative gene for hypospadias. Nat Genet 2006;38:1369-71. 13. Kalfa N, Liu B, Klein O, et al. Mutations of CXorf6 are associated with arrange of severities of hypospadias. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;159:453-8. 14. Chen Y, Thai HT, Lundin J, et al. Mutational study of the MAMLD1-gene in hypospadias. Eur J Med Genet 2010;53:122-6. 15. Qian C, Lin HW, Sun P, et al. Research of MAMLD1 gene in Hypospadias. J Clin Pediatr Surg 2012;11:106-11. Figure Legends Figure 1. Mutations of MAMLD1, the number represents the exon serial number, the black area represents the coding region. Table 1à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½Clinic phenotypes of 72 patients with hypospadias Table 2. Patients complicated by other genitourinary system malformations Table 3. Mutations of MAMLD1 gene screened in patients and controls

Challenges of Ecotourism in Antarctica Essay

Antarctica is one of the largest and most fragile environments on earth. It is rare and unique, and few people get the opportunity to visit such an extraordinary place. Antarctica’s unique environment and climate sets it apart from other tourist destinations. However, the hostile wilderness creates many challenges for ecotourism. There is a concern regarding the high concentration of tourists and their environmental impact at the few landing sites available. The real debate is whether tourism can benefit, or threaten the conservation of Antarctica. Ecotourism, in its early historical origins has been closely linked to nature – oriented tourism. For example, Laarman and Durst, in reference to ecotourism, defined it as a nature tourism where a traveler is interested and drawn to a destination because of its features and natural history. The visit combines education, recreation, and often adventure’ (Laarman and Durst 1987:5). Defining ecotourism is not easily done, difficulties defining it are mainly due to the multidimensional nature of the definitions, and the fact that each dimension involved represents a continuum of possibilities (Blamey 1997). The Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as ‘responsible travel to natural areas, which conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people’ (Western 1993:8). Ceballos-Lascurain (1987: 14) defines ecotourism as ‘traveling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past and present) found in these areas’. The tourism industry of Antarctica is often overlooked as a factor of environmental degradation. It is important that more attention is drawn to assessing the current state of this large continent. Beck (1994) states that, tourists, scientists, and other visitors to Antarctica have tremendous environmental impacts. Tourist shipping can pose an environmental risk, and there is good reason for concern. There have been several marine accidents in recent years. There was the case of an Argentinean supply vessel Bahia Paraiso, which ran a ground on January 28, 1989, spilling 600 metric tones of fuel into Antarctica’s pristine waters (Culver 1991). Other environmental impacts include engine emissions that contribute to air pollution. The noise generated from outboard motors on inflatable zodiacs, turbulence created from tourist ships and the â€Å"grey water† sewage they emit also creates harmful effects. More responsibility is being demanded out of eco tourists visiting Antarctica. For example Salen Lindblad’s 164-passenger ship the Frontier Spirit has been reinforced, and also contains a sewage treatment plant, refrigerated waste storage area, and a special storage area for non-biodegradable waste (Cebellos-Lascurain 1996). Another main concern is in the peninsula region of Antarctica where there are several highly concentrated, high profile sites. The concentration of tourism activities leads to the potential for over visitation in these areas. A present study of Magellanic penguins demonstrates that human impact puts a great amount of stress on the species. Simple human presence can be physiologically stressful for breeding at nest sites (Fowler 1999). The Antarctic environment is very fragile and not used to human activities. However the study also found that birds exposed to high levels of tourists are not effected over time and concludes that as a result tourism should be concentrated to certain areas while others are kept off limits to human presence. People have been going to Antarctica for over 100 years. Prior to 1950, nearly all trips to Antarctica were either exploratory or scientific expeditions (Cessford 1997). As a result of human activity in the area there has been a connection with industrial, national and scientific programs. Human activity has also caused the development of alien microbes, fungi, plants, and animals. These â€Å"alien† species that are mostly European in origin exist on most of the sub – Antarctic islands and some even occur on the continent itself. These species in turn can have both a direct and indirect impact on the Antarctic ecosystem (Fenot 2004). It has only been recently that biologists have conducted any research into diseases of Antarctic wildlife to note the effects of human activity. These studies look at marine mammals and penguins for bacteria flora and pathogens (disease causing organisms). Blood tests for antibodies of a variety of species have also been taken to check for viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic disease. A study conducted in the summer season of 2000/2001, Dr. Todhunter and Dr. Terris took swab collections of specimens from passengers’ boots aboard the Kapitan Khlebnikov, which led to tentative findings of a wide range of potential pathogens. In another study 233 fecal samples from 8 bird species were taken from 6 different penguin colonies, which are regularly visited by tourists. The samples were investigated for pathogens of potential human origin. No human related bacteria were found, which suggests that the tourism industry in the Antarctic region has achieved its goal of not introducing any pathogens so far. While the tourist season only ranges from October to April, currently tourism in Antarctica involves over 30 agencies, and 40,000 tourists per annum (Lambert 2005). Antarctica is the ultimate destination for anyone interested in natural history, but it also challenges the same people that visit to think about our responsibilities to all life on earth† (Lambert 2005). Tourists to Antarctica are most likely to fall in to the category of eco tourist, as there are no restaurants, theaters or art galleries, and the experience is about learning about and viewing one of the earth’s last untouched continent s. Boo (1990) states that for conservation management to succeed, tourism must be a tool to educate thus creating real benefits for a geological location. Although tourism and human contact on Antarctica is showing some negative impacts, it has also encouraged conservation efforts in the region. Another step towards the recognition of potential environmental impact is the creation of the IATTO (International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators). In 1991 seven tour operators active in Antarctica formed IATTO. It was created to act as a single organization. The goal of IATTO is to promote and practice safe environmentally responsible private-sector travel to the Antarctic. Currently there are 80 member organizations representing 14 countries. IATTO 2008) This environmental protocol designates Antarctica as a natural reserve devoted to peace and science and seeks to ensure human activities, such as tourism, have no adverse effects on the Antarctic environment, or on its scientific and aesthetic values. With a recent increase in the number of members in the IAATO it shows that companies are becoming more aware of the environmentally se nsitive concerns related to Antarctica and the importance of such an organization. The increase in membership does not necessarily mean that there has been a drastic increase in the number of tourists visiting Antarctica. All current Antarctica tour operators file yearly environmental impact assessments to their national authorities. There are few places on earth that have never been to war, where the environment is fully protected and scientific research has priority over anything else. (IAATO 2008) The Antarctic treaty can be accredited with the successful protection of Antarctica. Formed on June 23, 1961 the treaty covers the area south of 60 degrees latitude and consists of 46 countries. Its objectives are simple and unique, demilitarize Antarctica and make it a zone free of nuclear tests, and disposal of radioactive waste. As well as be used for peaceful purposes only (IAATO 2008). To promote international cooperation in the Antarctic and set aside disputes over territorial sovereignty. The treaty parties meet each year and have adopted over 300 recommendations and negotiated separate international agreements, of which 3 are still in use. These include: 1. The convention for the conservation of Antarctic seals which was established in 1972. 2. The convention for conservation of Antarctica marine living resources established in 1980. 3. The protocol on Environmental protection to the Atlantic Treaty established in 1991. These agreements and the original treaty provide the rules to govern all activities in relation to Antarctica. Collectively known as the Antarctica Treaty System (ATS). In conclusion it is apparent that Antarctica is a very fragile environment, and any kind of human involvement can pose great risks if the correct precautions are not taken. It is clear to me that eco tourism can benefit the great continent of Antarctica, those visiting become ambassadors as they learn about the importance of preservation. Boo (1990) explains that tourists become emotionally attached to an area and will contribute funds to preserve it. It is important for organizations like the IAATO to continue their promotion of safe and environmentally responsible travel to the Antarctic. Continued research is necessary to make sure that tourists as well as scientists leave as little of a human footprint as possible. Antarctica is a beautiful place on earth, and I believe that when people are educated about their impact on such a vulnerable area and regulations are put in place to protect the area that everyone should be able to experience the Antarctic continent in all of its magnificence.

Edward Weston

Edward Weston was one of the biggest figures of twentieth-century photography and one of the most influential. This essay is will Weston brilliance in creating beautiful and neutral views of patterns and ordinary shapes, made him internationally acknowledged (Travis 2001, p. 63). Travis (2001) claimed that over the years Edward Weston style had changed and he developed an ability to make his own life experiences into the fascinating subjects of his art.However, in earlier days, that transformation of Weston works had been obscure to most scholars and enthusiasts because it was very elusive and his main subject taters were still mostly naked human forms and objects from the natural surroundings. He had begun to show hints of moods in his photography. Some viewers found his photographs of tide-pool rocks and cypress trees as painful, saddening. They took the tone of the peaceful ocean after a storm as depressive imagery. A higher level of compositional techniques was starting to show i n Weston work from 1939 to 1940.Masculine curves and feminine components, signs of living and dead, and a contrast of light and shadow in a single frame, embellished the photographs. Nevertheless, as Weston grew past his technical skills, he made images hat held more philosophical meanings and a bigger range of understandings. Some may think that his photographs from 1944 to 1948 reflect very thoughtful and more melancholy atmospheric images, possibly because of the conflicts of his divorce, his four sons' entry into the military and the beginning of his Parkinson disease at that time. The series of landscapes he shot at Point Lobos in 1938 (Fig. ) undeniably mirrored Weston personal life more than any he had produced before (Travis 2001, p. 63). Meadow (1978, p. 55) suggested that, In Weston bibliographic works there was hidden interaction between model and the photographer. Weston made his photographs when his subject emotionally stimulates him. Weston (1939) wrote, â€Å"l am a realist, but not a literalism †¦ â€Å". Weston nude photographs were wonderful because there were trace of the interaction between Weston and his subjects. It is possible that what we see, what we respond to, is almost like the conversation between photographer and his subject.Although, Weston perspective on what he was doing at the time was different. Truth was the only thing he wanted to demonstrate through his work (Meadow 1978, p. 55). Meadow (1978, p. 1) also stated Weston nude works had a spiritual implications to it. It was a very American way of thinking: that nudity was considered good for the body and also for the soul. However. Weston was a true formalist who visualized his prints meticulously. He reduced any chance of movement, alteration or accident during the process of the photo-shoot (Shelley 1976, p. 127).Weston nude photographs are often shown as close-up shots of partial areas separated from the background, instead of being focused on entire objects upfront . There was no inner interpretation in favor of simple aesthetics of the presentation of the flesh. Weston has written in his Daybooks claiming that his creative work, his private life was separate. The diaries include many of his comments revealing frustrations with his momentary type of impressions and feelings (Shelley 1976, p. 127). Many of the images he produced during asses present the same features as the piece he made in 1942 (Fig. ) a naked female figure wearing nothing but a gas mask, leaned against the sofa, her body facing toward the camera. A spacious but old couch is repeating the verticals and the horizontals, and its also filling most of the whole picture.

The Moral and Legal Obligations of Breast Implants

The Moral and Legal Obligations of Breast Implants In a world that revolves around impressions, many people that it is very important to look your best at all times. We are constantly seeing images of the perfect body. From Barbie to Baywatch, American women are constantly being shown images of girls with eighteen inch waists, thirty two inch hips and a D cup chest. Feeling as if they need to achieve this image to be attractive, women flock to the exercise gym in large numbers. They spend two hours a day exercising to achieve that tiny waistline that they desire. They are not satisfied with the chest that God gave them so they also want to alter this aspect of their body. In the past, women did chest exercises to enhance their bustline. As they got smarter, they realized that all that they were doing is enlarging the muscle and in fact minimizing their bustline. In todays age of technology, scientist have developed a way to surgically inhance the size of womens bustlines. By surgically inserting silicone bags i! nto the breast, women everywhere had the opportunity to achieve the most desirable bustline. A surgery originally intended for reconstructive purposes, by 1990 eighty percent of all implants were for cosmetic reasons. This dream surgery quickly turned into a nightmare. With reports of leaky and ruptured bags, the number of new surgeries began to drop. Women took it upon themselves to have tests done to see if these ruptured bags were in any way shape or form dangerous to their health. Allegations were made that the implants were responsible for muscle and joint pain, weight loss, and fatigue along with several severe autoimmune disorders. The patients were not happy with the unexpected side effects of his surgery and combined their legal resources and made several class action suits against Dow Chemical, the manufacturer of the silicone implants. Is the manufacturer responsible for...

Monroe Doctrine - Definition and Background

Monroe Doctrine - Definition and Background The Monroe Doctrine was the declaration by President James Monroe, in December 1823, that the United States would not tolerate a European nation colonizing an independent nation in North or South America. The United States warned it would consider any such intervention in the Western Hemisphere to be a hostile act. Monroe’s statement, which was expressed in his annual address to Congress (the 19th century equivalent of the State of the Union Address) was prompted by a fear that Spain would try to take over its former colonies in South America, which had declared their independence. While the Monroe Doctrine was directed toward a specific and timely problem, its sweeping nature ensured it would have enduring consequences. Indeed, over the course of decades, it went from being a relatively obscure statement to becoming a cornerstone of American foreign policy. Though the statement would carry President Monroe’s name, the author of the Monroe Doctrine was actually John Quincy Adams, a future president who was serving as Monroe’s secretary of state. And it was Adams who forcefully pushed for the doctrine to be openly declared. The Reason For the Monroe Doctrine During the War of 1812, the United States had reaffirmed its independence. And at the war’s end, in 1815, there were only two independent nations in the Western Hemisphere, the United States, and Haiti, a former French colony. That situation had changed dramatically by the early 1820s. The Spanish colonies in Latin America began fighting for their independence, and Spain’s American empire essentially collapsed. Political leaders in the United States generally welcomed the independence of new nations in South America. But there was considerable skepticism that the new nations would remain independent and become democracies like the United States. John Quincy Adams, an experienced diplomat and the son of the second president, John Adams, was serving as President Monroe’s secretary of state. And Adams did not want to become too involved with the newly independent nations while he was negotiating the Adams-Onis Treaty to obtain Florida from Spain. A crisis developed in 1823 when France invaded Spain to prop up King Ferdinand VII, who had been forced to accept a liberal constitution. It was widely believed that France was also intending to assist Spain in retaking its colonies in South America. The British government was alarmed at the idea of France and Spain joining forces. And the British foreign office asked the American ambassador what his government intended to do to block any American overtures by France and Spain. John Quincy Adams and the Doctrine The American ambassador in London sent dispatches proposing that the United States government cooperate with Britain in issuing a statement declaring disapproval of Spain returning to Latin America. President Monroe, unsure of how to proceed, asked for the advice of two former presidents, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, who were living in retirement on their Virginia estates. Both former presidents advised that forming an alliance with Britain on the issue would be a good idea. Secretary of State Adams disagreed. At a cabinet meeting on November 7, 1823, he argued that the United States government should issue a unilateral statement. Adams reportedly said, â€Å"It would be more candid, as well as more dignified, to avow our principles explicitly to Great Britain and France, than to come in as a cockboat in the wake of the British man-of-war.† Adams, who had spent years in Europe serving as a diplomat, was thinking in broader terms. He was not just concerned with Latin America but was also looking in the other direction, to the west coast of North America. The Russian government was claiming territory in the Pacific Northwest extending as far south as present-day Oregon. And by sending a forceful statement, Adams hoped to warn all nations that the United States would not stand for colonial powers encroaching on any part of North America. Reaction to Monroe's Message to Congress The Monroe Doctrine was expressed in several paragraphs deep within the message President Monroe delivered to Congress on December 2, 1823. And though buried within a long document heavy with details such as financial reports on various government departments, the statement on foreign policy was noticed. In December 1823, newspapers in America published the text of the entire message as well as articles focusing on the forceful statement about foreign affairs. The kernel of the doctrine - †we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.† - was discussed in the press. An article published on December 9, 1823, in a Massachusetts newspaper, the Salem Gazette, mocked Monroe’s statement as putting â€Å"the peace and prosperity of the nation at hazard.† Other newspapers, however, applauded the apparent sophistication of the foreign policy statement. Another Massachusetts newspaper, the Haverhill Gazette, published a lengthy article on December 27, 1823, which analyzed the president’s message, praised it and brushed aside criticisms. The Legacy of the Monroe Doctrine After the initial reaction to Monroe’s message to Congress, the Monroe Doctrine was essentially forgotten for a number of years. No intervention in South America by Europeans powers ever happened. And, in reality, the threat of Britain’s Royal Navy probably did more to ensure that than Monroe’s foreign policy statement. However, decades later, in December 1845, President James K. Polk affirmed the Monroe Doctrine in his annual message to Congress. Polk evoked the doctrine as a component of Manifest Destiny and the desire of the United States to extend from coast to coast. In the latter half of the 19th century, and well into the 20th century, the Monroe Doctrine was also cited by American political leaders as an expression of American dominance in the Western Hemisphere. The strategy of John Quincy Adams of crafting a statement that would send a message to the entire world proved to be effective for many decades.

Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Banking - Essay Example Depository insurance can be obtained instantly and they are not traded debts since bank incentive take risks and they have no discipline from market prices. Depository insurance have a role of disciplining the management and reduction moral hazard that is, infinite maturity infers that deposits can rapidly disappear; leading to moral hazard; sequential examination also gives a benefit to monitor such services(Pastre?, 2007). Depository insurance helps in ensuring less costly and unnecessary liquidations, duplication of deposits are avoided through monitoring and less probability of runs on solvent thus reducing shock to supply of money at macro level. Depository insurance relates to bank runs in that without monitoring of projects may be vulnerable resulting into socially uneconomical of projects. Allman (2006) describes the lender of the last resort as that institution which is willing to give loans as a last option to banks or other financial institutions that are undergoing financ ial problem that is considered highly risky. Such a firm is usually the country’s central bank. The lender of the last resort produces currency at its discretion to support institutions facing financial problems. ... Since they provide liquidity assistance they help curb the insolvency problem. The lender of the last resort therefore, eases smooth bank runs through recapitalizing the insolvent banks. This helps the financial institutions to enhance their consumer protection. In conclusion, both depository insurance and lender of the last resort have the one thing in common in that they tend to protect various financial institutions from insolvency challenges leading to efficient and effective bank runs. Essay Two An economic theory is a concept or an idea put forward to explain various economic aspects that exist in the world economy. Economic theories are those specifically, these theories explain the aspects in line with monetary effects and financial aspects related to the management and utilization of scarce resources exhaustively (Allman, 2006). The major theories that illustrate the existence of bank include: Economies of scale theory Here, transaction prices at core tend to increase this i s due to fixed cost of evaluating assets thus reducing average costs of trading. This shows that individual cannot at any time diversify perfectly since, bank pool risk and diversify portfolio are cheaper and that the payment services are also cheaper (Pastre?, 2007). A special situation is where liquidity insurance and economies of scale in risk pulling is experienced. Liquidity focuses on the banks cashable deposits as assets are long term and illiquid. Therefore, banks as pools of liquidity gives people with insurance in opposition to idiosyncratic shocks that they can only observe. Banks also protect borrowers from early encashment of loans. Asymmetrical information theory This involves screening to overcome adverse selection whereby intermediaries screen the quality